亚洲国产精品一区观看_亚洲黄色影院_少妇人妻人伦a片软件下载_日本aⅴ一区二区免费片_亚洲精品日韩欧美一区二区三区_日本亚洲vr欧美不卡高清专区_九九视频免费在线_一区二区三区日产_国产精品香蕉成人网在线观看_freeXXXX国产HD中文对白

發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家確?；厥针娮訌U棄物的最佳做法： 澳大利亞實(shí)例分析

文章發(fā)表于JCLP期刊 Volume209, 1 February 2019, Pages 846-854

鏈接：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.306

文章導(dǎo)讀

隨著人口的迅速增長(zhǎng)，人類對(duì)可持續(xù)資源的需求逐漸增大。人們的目光逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到電子廢棄物上來，它含有高價(jià)值的材料，如銅、金、稀土等，但同時(shí)也含有有毒物質(zhì)，如汞、溴化阻燃劑等。倘若不加監(jiān)管地任由市場(chǎng)直接回收電子廢棄物，則不僅存在其蘊(yùn)含價(jià)值不足以支撐企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)的問題，還容易造成環(huán)境污染。因此，一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，包括法國(guó)、日本、德國(guó)等，都引入了回收系統(tǒng)和監(jiān)管框架來管理電子廢棄物的回收過程。同時(shí)，向發(fā)展中國(guó)家跨境轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家處理電子廢棄物的一大重要途徑，但這對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的環(huán)境造成了惡劣的影響。本研究以澳大利亞為例，探討了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家確保回收電子廢棄物的最佳做法，以期在環(huán)境友好的基礎(chǔ)上最大限度地回收資源。

文章摘要

ABSTRACT

電子廢棄物管理是21世紀(jì)面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)之一，因?yàn)槿螂娮訌U棄物產(chǎn)量急劇增加，并且它們同時(shí)具有成為有價(jià)值材料來源和有害物質(zhì)污染源的潛力。本研究以澳大利亞的回收計(jì)劃為例，討論了電子廢棄物的管理。對(duì)實(shí)際回收過程的調(diào)查和相關(guān)的成本分析為決定哪些設(shè)備（或材料）將被出口或在國(guó)內(nèi)被回收的決策過程提供了重要的依據(jù)。結(jié)果表明，廢棄電腦是唯一具有足夠內(nèi)在價(jià)值的設(shè)備，可以在不需要任何外部補(bǔ)貼的情況下在國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)行回收。此外，本研究還討論了這種補(bǔ)貼的重要性、規(guī)定和監(jiān)督，主要是針對(duì)比廢棄電腦內(nèi)在價(jià)值小的電子廢棄物。結(jié)果顯示，在澳大利亞第一階段的回收成本中，勞動(dòng)力花費(fèi)占90%以上，可以推斷是由澳大利亞這種國(guó)家高昂的勞動(dòng)力成本造成的。最后，本研究為鼓勵(lì)在國(guó)際上更好地監(jiān)督回收過程和（或）在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家促進(jìn)下游回收過程提供了依據(jù)，以期促進(jìn)全球?qū)崿F(xiàn)更好的廢棄物管理。

原文信息

The waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) management is one of the great challenges faced in the twenty-first century due to the steep e-waste increase worldwide and their potential to be both a source of valuable materials and a hazardous source of contamination. In this study, the management of e-waste is discussed having the Australian recycling scheme as an example. The investigation on the actual recycling process and the associated cost analysis revealed important outcomes for the decision-making process of determining which equipment (or materials) will be exported and which will be recycled domestically. It is shown that scrap computers are the only equipment with enough intrinsic value to justify the domestic recycling without requiring any external subsidy. Furthermore, the importance of such subsidy, of regulations and monitoring are discussed, principally for e-waste with an intrinsic value smaller than computers. The results indicate that labor accounts for more than 90% of the cost of firststage recycling in Australia, which can be extrapolated to countries where labor is expensive. Finally, in the interest of achieving a better waste management worldwide, this study provides arguments to encourage a better monitoring of the recycling processes undertaken internationally and /or the promotion of downstream recycling processes in developed countries.

Dias, P., Bernardes, A. M., Huda, N., 2019. Ensuring best E-waste recycling practices in developed countries: An Australian example. J. Clean. Prod., 209, 846-854.